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  劍6雅思閱讀Test1passage1原文翻譯-澳大利亞的體育成就

  A They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.

  A他們努力競爭，他們積極參與，他們參加比賽完全為了取勝。澳大利亞體育勁旅輕松擊敗對手，取得輝煌戰績。他們何以做到這一點?成功的秘密在于一個由體育學院和科研機構組成的網絡，該網絡以科學與醫學為基礎，涉及面廣且耗資巨大。在澳大利亞體育學院(AIS)里，數百名青年選手與職業運動員在教練的指導下共同生活和訓練。另一家機構——澳大利亞體育運動委員會(ASC)，則為總計96項體育運動中項目的數千名表現突出的男女運動員提供資助。上述兩家機構均提供強化訓練、訓練設備和營養咨詢服務。

  B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one — such as building muscle strength in golfers — to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. ‘We can’t waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don’t help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,’ says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.

  B 科學在體育科研機構中的地位舉足輕重。AIS不僅雇用了上百名在體育方面深有研究的科學家和醫生，還與大學及研究中心的幾十名專家學者致力合作。AIS的科學家們同時研究多個體育項目，并將一個項目中的研究成果跨界應用，例如將增強髙爾夫球運動員肌肉力量的訓練方法應用于游泳和壁球中?？茖W家們也得到了那些設計專用儀器來收集運動員資料的技術人員們的強大支持。他們都只關注一個目標：勝利。AIS的科研主管彼得?弗里克說：“我們不能在不切實際的科學問題上浪費時間，它們既無法協助教練指導運動員，也無法提高運動員本身的能力。”

  C A lot of their work comes down to measurement — everything from the exact angle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. It’s the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Mason’s contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (Swimming Analysis) system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer’s performance into factors that can be analysed individually — stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each swimmer.

  C 專家們的許多工作都涉及具體測量，測量內容包括從游泳運動員潛水的精確角度到自行車運動員每秒功率輸出的所有數據。這些資料將有助于運動員發揮最大的潛力來提高運動能力。工作核心是以人為本，其目的在于促使運動員發揮最大潛力來提高哪怕是百分之一秒的速度或者是一毫米的成績。無論多么微小的收獲都值得為之努力。正是這些跬步的積累，才使得澳大利亞取得舉世矚目的體育成就。為了說明系統運作的原理，AIS的科學家布魯斯?梅森展示了為研究游泳運動員而設計的三維分析工具模型。只見一個游泳冠軍獲得者的線框模型劃開水面，她的雙臂以慢動作的形式劃動。側面觀察，梅森可以測量每次劃動中運動員前進的距離。俯視觀察，他可以分析這位運動員的脊柱是怎樣轉動的。該系統設計完成后，他將能夠為教練們建立生物力學的模型，協助培養游泳運動員。梅森對體育事業的貢獻還包括游泳運動分析系統(SWAN)的開發，該系統現在正廣泛應用于澳大利亞各項全國賽事之中。系統采用攝影頻率為50格/秒的數 碼相機收集影像，然后將游泳運動員的每個動作都分解成可分析的因素.例如劃距、劃頻、每個劃水動作 的平均持續時間、速率、出發時間、往返時間和結束時間等等。每次比賽結束后，SWAN都會給出每名運動員的數據資料。

  D ‘Take a look,’ says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? ‘His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy,’ says Mason. ‘If he can improve on his turns, he can do much better.’ This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists’ research is bringing to a range of sports. With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete’s ability to run. There’s more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes’ saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.

  D“請看，”梅森一邊說一邊抽出一張數據資料分析表。他指出獲得第二名和第三名運動員的資料，數據證明游的最快的人其實是獲得第三名的選手。那么，為什么他會以0. 35秒之差落后呢?梅森解釋說：“他轉身所需的時間比另一名選手長0.44秒、如果能夠提高轉身的技能，他的成績將會大大提高?！盇IS科學家們的研究將這種精確性帶到各種體育項目之中。他們正與位于墨爾本的微技術合作研究中心合作，共同開發可嵌人運動員衣服或跑鞋里的微型傳感器，用以監控心律、出汗情況、發熱量以及其他一切可能對運動員賽跑能力造成影響的因素。這不僅僅是簡單地測評運動員們的表現。弗里克舉了個每年都會因感冒咳嗽而病倒十一二次的運動員的例子來說明了這一點。經過多年試驗，AIS與新南威爾士州的紐卡斯爾大學合作研發出一種測試，以測量運動員唾液中免疫球蛋白A的含量如果免疫球蛋白A的含量突然降到某一水平之下，訓練就會減弱強度或完全停止。不久，免疫球蛋白A水平開始回升，危險也最終消除。自推行該測試以來，AIS所有體育項目的運動員們都非常成功地保持著良好的健康狀態。

  E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model’, based on what they expect will be the winning times.’ You design the model to make that time,’ says Mason.’ A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.’ All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world’s most successful sporting nation.

  E 數據資料的分析與應用十分復雜。在錦標賽開始之前，體育科學家和教練們就早早著手訓練運動員， 為比賽做好準備。基于預期中將能奪冠的速度，他們力圖使運動員進入“競賽模式”。梅森說：“人們設計一種模式以達到預期的速度，該模式規定了出發時間的長短、每次劃水的速率、一定的劃頻和劃距、轉身所需的時間等等?！币虼耍瑹o論是針對比賽整體還是其每個組成部分，所有的訓練都是為了使運動員達到這些目標。諸如此類的先進科技已使澳大利亞成為了一個當之無愧的世界體育強國。

  F Of course, there’s nothing to stop other countries copying — and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists’ and rowers’ times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the ‘altitude tent’, developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australia’s success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.

  F 當然，許多國家都曾嘗試著模仿，這是無法避免的。十幾年前，AIS為進行耐力講練的運動員設計出一款流線型散熱運動服。在1996年舉辦的亞特蘭大奧運會上，該運動服為自行車運動員和劃艇選手們減少了2%的比賽時間?，F在，所有的選手都在使用這種新型運動服?！案咴瓗づ瘛币彩侨绱?，這是AIS為了模仿在海平面髙度地點的訓練效果而設計研發的。然而，澳大利亞的成功故事絕不僅僅是些可以機械復制的技術方案，這也是為何時至今日也沒有任何國家能夠效仿其包羅萬象的訓練系統。

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