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  劍6Test3雅思閱讀Passage2原文翻譯-Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions

  在逆境中激勵(lì)員工挑戰(zhàn)

  THE CHALLENGE

  It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining one. When organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create feelings of optimism. Management is able to use the growth to entice and encourage employees. When an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose — those with the highest skills and experience. The minor employees remain because their job options are limited.

  挑戰(zhàn)

  在不斷壯大的企業(yè)中激勵(lì)員工要比在日益衰落的企業(yè)中容易得多。當(dāng)企業(yè)擴(kuò)大經(jīng)營(yíng)和增加員工人數(shù)時(shí)，晉升機(jī)會(huì)增多，薪酬提高，而且加人一家充滿(mǎn)活力的企業(yè)所帶來(lái)的振奮感也會(huì)產(chǎn)生樂(lè)觀向上的情緒。管理層能夠利用企業(yè)的發(fā)展來(lái)吸引和鼓舞員工。當(dāng)企業(yè)衰退時(shí)，流動(dòng)性最強(qiáng)的優(yōu)秀員工就會(huì)主動(dòng)離開(kāi)。不幸的是，這些才能出眾、經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的員工正是企業(yè)最不能失去的人才。表現(xiàn)平庸的員工堅(jiān)持留下，因?yàn)榭晒┧麄冞x擇的職位有限。

  Morale also suffers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made redundant. Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs. For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed. The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions. The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Points, which are outlined below.

  員工的士氣在企業(yè)衰退期也會(huì)下降。人們擔(dān)心自己或許就是下一個(gè)被解雇的人。生產(chǎn)率通常有所下降，因?yàn)閱T工寧愿將時(shí)間花費(fèi)在傳播謠言和相互提供精神支持上，也不愿意專(zhuān)注于工作。對(duì)工作穩(wěn)定的人而言，加薪幾乎是不可能的。在企業(yè)發(fā)展時(shí)期聞所未聞的減薪，此時(shí)甚至也會(huì)強(qiáng)制實(shí)施。管理層所面對(duì)的挑戰(zhàn)是如何在企業(yè)衰退期激勵(lì)員工。迎接這一挑戰(zhàn)的方法可以大致分為下列六個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。

  KEY POINT ONE

  There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought. However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback. However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility.

  關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)一

  大量證據(jù)表明，切實(shí)做到人盡其才能夠激發(fā)工作動(dòng)力。例如，小型企業(yè)或大型企業(yè)中自主單位的經(jīng)營(yíng)者，應(yīng)當(dāng)由業(yè)績(jī)杰出者擔(dān)任。但是，如果空缺的是大型官僚機(jī)構(gòu)的管理職位，則應(yīng)當(dāng)選擇對(duì)權(quán)力需求髙而對(duì)關(guān)系需求低的人選。相應(yīng)地，不能為業(yè)績(jī)杰出者安排與其需求不一致的工作。只有當(dāng)職位能夠提供具有一定挑戰(zhàn)性的目標(biāo)，具有獨(dú)立性，并提供反饋時(shí)，他們才會(huì)全力以赴地工作。然而，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)牢記并不是每個(gè)人都會(huì)被獨(dú)立性強(qiáng)、形式多樣和責(zé)任要求高的工作所激勵(lì)。

  KEY POINT TWO

  The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with the employees. The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organisation’s culture. If resistance to goals is expected, the use of participation in goal-setting should increase acceptance. If participation is inconsistent with the culture, however, goals should be assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it.

  關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)二

  目標(biāo)設(shè)定理論的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)提出，管理者們必須確保所有的員工都有明確的目標(biāo)并且能夠在實(shí)現(xiàn)該目標(biāo)的過(guò)程中獲得評(píng)價(jià)。追求卓越成就的人是所有企業(yè)中具有代表性的少數(shù)群體，對(duì)于他們而言，外部目標(biāo)的存在并不十分重要，因?yàn)闃I(yè)績(jī)杰出者已具有極強(qiáng)的內(nèi)在動(dòng)機(jī)。下一個(gè)要決定的因素是目標(biāo)應(yīng)由管理者指定，還是應(yīng)由全體員工共同設(shè)定。答案取決于人們對(duì)目標(biāo)的接受程度和企業(yè)文化。如果有可能出現(xiàn)對(duì)目標(biāo)的抵制，在設(shè)定S標(biāo)時(shí)鼓勵(lì)員工參與就會(huì)提高接受的程度。然而，如果這種參與和企業(yè)文化相矛盾，則應(yīng)當(dāng)指定目標(biāo)。如果參與和企業(yè)文化不一致，員工則有可能認(rèn)為自己在參與過(guò)程中被操縱，并且受到負(fù)面影響。

  KEY POINT THREE

  Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management’s perceptions of the employee’s ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals. For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid.

  關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)三

  無(wú)論目標(biāo)是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，也無(wú)論目標(biāo)是否在管理層認(rèn)定的員工能力范圍之內(nèi)，只要員工們認(rèn)為無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，他們就不會(huì)那么努力。因此，管理者必須確保員工相信他們的努力會(huì)使績(jī)效目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)。對(duì)于管理者而言，這意味著員工必須能夠勝任工作，而且必須承認(rèn)(績(jī)效)評(píng)估流程的有效性。

  KEY POINT FOUR

  Since employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another. Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which they have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making.

  關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)四

  由于員工們有不同的需求，所以對(duì)一個(gè)人產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)化效果的事物對(duì)于另一個(gè)人而言未必適用。在其控制范圍內(nèi)，管理者可以根據(jù)對(duì)不同員工的了解給予他們相應(yīng)的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。管理者們可給予員工的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)主要包括薪酬、晉升、自主權(quán)、業(yè)務(wù)范圍和深度，以及參與目標(biāo)設(shè)定和決策的機(jī)會(huì)。

  KEY POINT FIVE

  Managers need to make rewards contingent on performance. To reward factors other than performance will only reinforce those other factors. Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employee’s specific goals. Consistent with maximising the impact of rewards, managers should look for ways to increase their visibility. Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone’s remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.

  關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)五

  管理者需要將獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)與績(jī)效掛鉤。除工作表現(xiàn)之外，對(duì)于其他方面的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)只會(huì)使這些方面得到加強(qiáng)。諸如加薪和晉升這樣的主要獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)應(yīng)在員工實(shí)現(xiàn)特定目標(biāo)后給予。與最大化獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)效果相一致，管理者應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)法增加獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的公開(kāi)性。例如，通過(guò)公示員工工資數(shù)目來(lái)消除薪酬的保密狀態(tài);公布績(jī)效獎(jiǎng)金數(shù)額;一次性支付年薪的增加額，而不是將其在全年中分別發(fā)放;這些方法可以增加獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的公開(kāi)性和潛在激勵(lì)性。

  KEY POINT SIX

  The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious outcomes. The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs and outcomes and by the fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance on them. For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcomes. The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers’ list. Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks. There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome side. For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. Such findings suggest that one person’s equity is another’s inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.

  關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)六

  獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的分配方式必須透明，使員工認(rèn)識(shí)到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)或成果是公平并且與特定投人相對(duì)等的。簡(jiǎn)而言之，經(jīng)驗(yàn)、才能，努力及其他主要的投人應(yīng)當(dāng)體現(xiàn)在薪酬、職責(zé)和其他主要產(chǎn)出的差異方面。然而，問(wèn)題之所以復(fù)雜，不僅是因?yàn)橥度伺c產(chǎn)出有多種形式，而且還因?yàn)楦鲉T工群體對(duì)它們的重視程度不同。比如，一項(xiàng)究在比較行政工作人員和生產(chǎn)工人之后，確定了近二十種投人與產(chǎn)出的形式。行政工作人員基本上最重視所做工作的質(zhì)量和業(yè)務(wù)知識(shí)等因素，但這正是生產(chǎn)工人們最不重視的。同樣，生產(chǎn)工人們認(rèn)為最重要的投人是才智和任務(wù)完成過(guò)程中的個(gè)人參與，而這兩個(gè)因素在行政工作人員的重要性等級(jí)排名中則十分靠后。產(chǎn)出方面也有一些同樣重要但不很明顯的差異。例如，生產(chǎn)工人認(rèn)為晉升非常重要，但行政工作人員卻將晉升排到了重要性列表中的后三位。上述發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，一個(gè)人認(rèn)為是公平的事物對(duì)于另一個(gè)人而言可能是不公平的。因此，理想的方式或許應(yīng)當(dāng)針對(duì)不同員工群體權(quán)衡不同的投人與產(chǎn)出。

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