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  作文機(jī)經(jīng)

  Issue

  “The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images,not language.”

  Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position,you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

  題干分析

  和一大群人交流想法或者價(jià)值觀的最有效方式是圖像而非語(yǔ)言。

  Outline

  The use of images is not always more effective than that of language.

  1. On the one hand, images are more vivid and easier for the largest audience to comprehend.

  2. On the other hand, images tend to cause ambiguities.

  3. The most effective way of communication is combing the use of images and that of language.

  Argument

  “The following appeared in a letter from a firm providing investment advice for a client.”

  Most homes in the northeastern United States,where winters are typically cold,have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating.Last heating season that region experienced 90 days with below-normal temperatures,and climate forecasters predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more years.Furthermore,many new homes are being built in the region in response to recent population growth.Because of these trends,we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommend investment in Consolidated Industries,one of whose major business operations is the retail sale of home heating oil.

  Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument.Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

  題目翻譯

  以下是一家提供投資建議的公司寫給一位客戶的信：

  “在美國(guó)東北部，冬天通常會(huì)很冷，大多數(shù)在那里的家庭有將燃油作為主要供暖能源的傳統(tǒng)。上一個(gè)供暖季節(jié)，那個(gè)地區(qū)有九十天的溫度低于平均水平，氣候預(yù)報(bào)員預(yù)測(cè)，未來(lái)幾年內(nèi)的氣候類型都會(huì)是這樣。而且，最近的人口增長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)致許多新家庭在這個(gè)地區(qū)落戶。由于上述趨勢(shì)，我們估計(jì)取暖油的需求將會(huì)增加，推薦您投資 Consolidated Industries，其主營(yíng)項(xiàng)目之一是家用燃料油的零售。”

  說(shuō)明：寫一篇文章，檢查論證過程中陳述和/或未陳述的假設(shè)。一定要解釋論證過程是如何依賴這些假設(shè)建立的，如果這些假設(shè)被證明是不合理的，對(duì)于論證過程來(lái)說(shuō)有哪些潛在影響。

  題目分析

  A. 前提：we predict an increased demand for heating oil

  我們估計(jì)取暖油的需求將會(huì)增加

  B. 結(jié)論：we recommend investment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business operations is the retail sale of home heating oil

  我們推薦您投資 Consolidated Industries，其主營(yíng)項(xiàng)目之一是家用燃料油的零售

  C. 論據(jù)：

  1. most homes in the northeastern United States,where winters are typically cold,have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating

  在美國(guó)東北部，冬天通常會(huì)很冷，大多數(shù)在那里的家庭有將燃油作為主要供暖能源的傳統(tǒng)

  2. last heating season that region experienced 90 days with below-normal temperatures

  上一個(gè)供暖季節(jié)，那個(gè)地區(qū)有九十天的溫度低于平均水平

  3. climate forecasters predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more years

  氣候預(yù)報(bào)員預(yù)測(cè)，未來(lái)幾年內(nèi)的氣候類型都會(huì)是這樣

  4. many new homes are being built in the region in response to recent population growth

  最近的人口增長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)致許多新家庭在這個(gè)地區(qū)落戶

  提綱(可攻擊點(diǎn))

  1、新落戶在該地的家庭是否會(huì)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)適用燃油來(lái)取暖?

  New inhabitants,who have moved there,will not necessarily use the same source as the local residents.If some of them have been accustomed to electric heating,and they have not used oil for heating before,they probably would not choose oil.And we do not know the detail number of the new residents,if there have 200,000 native residents,and the number of new inhabitants is just 500,thus the new inhabitants are relatively less and they will make little effect on oil consumption.

  2、除了天氣變冷，還有哪些其他因素影響著當(dāng)?shù)丶彝?duì)燃料油的需求?

  The cold weather is not the only factor,influencing the need for oil in the local,but a crucial factor.There is a combination of factors,such as the price of oil,the income of a family,the consumption of other sources for heating.If the price of oil is increasing with the decreasing temperature,many families with finite incomes will limit their consumption of oil.Although the oil is the traditional heating source,it cannot illustrate all the local residents only use it for heating.With the generalization of natural gas,part of the residents may also use natural gas.Therefore,even if the weather is getting colder,it is not necessary to boost the total consumption of oil.

  3、當(dāng)?shù)丶彝?chǔ)備燃料油是否主要通過零售購(gòu)買?還有哪些其他方式?

  The local residents reserve heating oil by many ways,besides the retail.The wholesale is a general way to purchase the oil, because the price is lower than the retail.

  4、當(dāng)?shù)厝耸欠褚欢〞?huì)購(gòu)買Consolidated Industries 的家用燃料油?題目忽視了哪些(比如：市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)等)關(guān)鍵信息?

  The firm has ignored/overlooked the market competition.There is not only Consolidated Industries,who selling home heating oil. Many other strong peer companies would offer more alluring condition and price to attract the residents to buy their oil.So even if the residents buy oil,they would not necessarily choose Consolidated.

  填空等價(jià)機(jī)經(jīng)

  1. His colorful lifestyle aside,Bob Dylan's reputation as a_____artist stems from the vast number of songs he produced during the 1960s and 1970s.

  A. humble

  B. flamboyant

  C. competent

  D. wealthy

  E. prolific

  正確答案：E

  題目解析：根據(jù)題意，聯(lián)系前后，則說(shuō)明他是多產(chǎn)的

  humble 卑微的;flamboyant 華麗的;competent 主管;wealthy 富有的;prolific 多產(chǎn)的

  2. After screenwriter Neil Jordan's most recent work opened in selected urban areas,many theatergoers were (i)_____,but after pundits expressed their (ii)_____,acceptance of the film's unique structure increased and demand for a wider release surged.

  Blank(i) Blank(ii)

  A. skeptical D. diffidence

  B. erratic E. approbation

  C. ebullient F. trepidation

  正確答案：AE

  題目解析：解題關(guān)鍵在于第一空后的 BUT，說(shuō)明是轉(zhuǎn)折，一開始觀眾并不買賬有所懷疑，而在得到專家認(rèn)可后才開始認(rèn)同并觀看。因此最佳選項(xiàng)組合是 AE。

  3. Many policy makers insist that consumer spending is a strong economic (i)_____and,therefore,(ii) _____of retail stores is a contributing factor to low-performing economies.To improve economic conditions in Lakewood,Colorado,the city has begun charging residents a public improvement fee,on top of normal sales tax,which will (iii)_____tax breaks offered to major retailers to attract their business.

  Blank(i) Blank(ii) Blank(iii)

  A. stratagem D. a paucity G. indemnify

  B. catalyst E. a respite H. liquidate

  C. axiom F. an apex I. underwrite

  正確答案：BDI

  題目解析：許多政策制定者堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，消費(fèi)者的支出是經(jīng)濟(jì)的強(qiáng)烈催化劑，因此，缺乏零售商店是造成經(jīng)濟(jì)低迷的一個(gè)因素。為了改善科羅拉多州萊克伍德的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況，除去普通的銷售稅，市政府已經(jīng)開始在市民中收取可以吸引零售商業(yè)的公共建設(shè)費(fèi)。

  4. The _____ nature of the commencement speech did not sit well with the restless group of recent graduates.

  A. protracted

  B. concise

  C. verbose

  D. vigorous

  E. contrite

  F. premeditated

  正確答案：AC

  題目解析：題目大意是畢業(yè)典禮上冗長(zhǎng)的演講不太適合這群焦躁不安的應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生。

  A protracted 拖延;繪制 B concise 簡(jiǎn)明的，簡(jiǎn)潔的 C verbose 冗長(zhǎng)的;啰嗦的

  D vigorous 有力的;精力充沛的 E contrite 悔悟了的;后悔的 F premeditated 預(yù)謀的;預(yù)先考慮的

  5. It was clear after the incident that,while she may have answered truthfully in the strictest sense of the word,Sheryl was actually trying to _____ Sergei.

  A. enlighten

  B. delude

  C. illuminate

  D. covet

  E. gull

  F. implicate

  正確答案：BE

  題目解析：事故后很明顯的是，嚴(yán)格意義上 Sheryl 應(yīng)該說(shuō)實(shí)話，但是她卻試圖欺騙Sergei.

  A enlighten 啟發(fā)，啟蒙 B delude 欺騙;哄騙 C illuminate 闡明，說(shuō)明

  D covet垂涎;覬覦 E gull 騙;欺詐 F 統(tǒng)計(jì)糾正錯(cuò)誤

  6. Ancient generals,lacking modern technologies such as radio and satellite communication,often found that one of the most significant challenges in warfare was to be accurately _____ the many changes on the battlefield or in the campaign.

  A. fortified by

  B. adulterated by

  C. cognizant of

  D. apprised of

  E. parodied by

  F. chary of

  正確答案：CD

  題目解析：在缺乏無(wú)線電廣播和衛(wèi)星通信的古代，將軍們?cè)趹?zhàn)爭(zhēng)中最大的挑戰(zhàn)就是要準(zhǔn)確的認(rèn)識(shí)到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的變化。

  A fortified by 加強(qiáng)的 B adulterated by 摻假的 C cognizant of 已認(rèn)識(shí)到

  D apprised of 獲悉 E parodied by 拙劣模仿 F chary of 謹(jǐn)慎的;仔細(xì)的

  數(shù)學(xué)機(jī)經(jīng)

  1. Which of the following operations carried out on both the numerator and the denominator of a fraction will always produce an equivalent fraction?Indicate all such operations?

  A. Adding 2

  B. Multiplying by 5

  C. Dividing by 100

  答案：B C

  解析：題目問以下哪些在分子和分母上同時(shí)進(jìn)行的做法不會(huì)讓分?jǐn)?shù)發(fā)生變化?A各加2錯(cuò)誤。

  B 都乘 5，上下抵消還是原值，正確。C 都除以 100，同樣上下抵消，正確。所以選 BC。

  2. In a certain medical group,Dr.Schwartz schedules appointments to begin 30 minutes apart,Dr.Ramirez schedules appointments to begin 25 minutes apart,and Dr. Wu schedules appointments to begin 50 minutes apart.All three doctors schedule their first appointments to begin at 8:00 in the morning,which are followed by their successive appointments throughout the day without breaks.Other than at 8:00 in the morning,at what times before 1:30 in the afternoon do all three doctors schedule their appointments to begin at the same time? Indicate all such times

  A. 9:30 in the morning

  B. 10:30 in the morning

  C. 11:30 in the morning

  D. 12:00 noon

  E. 1:00 in the afternoon

  答案：B E

  解析：S是每 30min 有一次預(yù)約，R每25min，W每 50min，中間沒有停頓。題目問從早上8點(diǎn)到13:30之間，拋開早上8點(diǎn)那次，還有那幾個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)是這三個(gè)醫(yī)生同時(shí)開始一個(gè)預(yù)約的。解答時(shí)先求出這三個(gè)時(shí)間的最小公倍數(shù)，也就是150分鐘，說(shuō)明每隔2.5個(gè)小時(shí)這三個(gè)醫(yī)生會(huì)同時(shí)開始一項(xiàng)新的預(yù)約。則在給定的時(shí)間段內(nèi)，10:30和13：00這兩個(gè)時(shí)間他們會(huì)同時(shí)開始新的預(yù)約，所以選 BE。

  3. Set A has 50 members and set B has 53 members.At least 2 of the members in set A are not in set B.Which of the following could be the number of members in set B that are not in set A ?Indicate all such numbers.

  A. 53

  B. 5

  C. 13

  D. 25

  E. 50

  答案：A B C D E

  解析：題目說(shuō)至少有兩個(gè)在A里面的數(shù)不在B里，那么完全有可能所有在A里的數(shù)都不在B中，所以B中所有的數(shù)就可以都不在A里面了。兩個(gè)極值可得出范圍：

  1. A中48個(gè)成員也同時(shí)在B中, 得出符合所得要求(in set B that are not in set A)的最小值53-48=5;

  2. A中沒有成員同時(shí)在B中, 得出符合所得要求(in set B that are not in set A)的最大值53-0=53

  選項(xiàng)所有數(shù)據(jù)均在范圍內(nèi)，因此全選。

  4.

  What is the area of triangle ABC shown above?

  A. 18

  B. 20

  C. 12√3

  D. 18√3

  E. 36

  答案：D

  解析：30,60,90度內(nèi)角三角形變長(zhǎng)特殊比例為1√32，因此對(duì)應(yīng)AB和AC長(zhǎng)度分別為6和6√3，三角形面積為18√3，選D。

  5. Quantity A：the sum of the first 7 positive integers

  Quantity B：7 times the median of the first 7 positive integers

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：C

  解析：QUANT A前7個(gè)正整數(shù)，也就是1到7之和為28. QUANT B前7個(gè)正整數(shù)里中位數(shù)的7倍，也就是4的7倍為28. 兩者相等，所以選C。

  閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)

  短篇閱讀

  Attempts to brand the belly dance as an act of seduction are both demeaning and distorting.Throughout Middle Eastern history, Oriental dance---the Western term for belly dance---was primarily performed at such family occasions as weddings,births,and festivals.Early evidence indicates that it originated as a fertility dance.

  17,000 year-old rock engravings found in the caves of Addaura,near Palermo in Sicily,depict women swaying their hips in what appears to be a fertility rite,as do ancient Egyptian tomb paintings and Greek sculptures. In some early cultures,women gathered around one of their own when she was in labor,circling and mimicking her contractions with their stomach undulations in an effort to ease her through the birthing process.

  Early civilizations were far less regimented than those of today.Even so,it was believed that women were primarily responsible for procreation.Tribes in the South Seas,New Guinea,East Polynesia,Africa,and Greece not only thought that conception would be impossible,but also that the human race would die unless the women performed the fertility dance.In some cases,women were revered for their seeming command over the mysteries of nature;there are even accounts of females being brought into fields to touch the crops, so as to ensure a bountiful harvest.

  1. The passage supports which of the following assertions?

  A. Belly dancing requires little formal training.

  B. The author does not view seduction as a respectable use of the belly dance.

  C. Women who have had training in belly dance will have easier pregnancies.

  答案：B

  解析：

  The passage says nothing about the training required for the belly dance.Even though the dance originated in primitive societies, we cannot assume that it doesn't involve a formal or structured learning process. Eliminate choice (A).Choice(B),in contrast,agrees with the author's assertion in the first sentence of the passage,so keep it.Choice (C) seems tempting,in light of what the author discusses at the end of the first paragraph,but such an assertion assumes that there are no other factors affecting a woman's pregnancy.Furthermore,the women in labor described in the passage may not have known how to belly dance.Even if they had, it was the other women's dancing that is alleged to have helped them,not their own.Choice (B) is the best answer.

  2. Which sentence, in which the author makes a conclusion, is not supported with any factual or anecdotal evidence?

  答案：Early civilizations were far less regimented than those of today.

  解析：答案是第二段第一句，因?yàn)榈诙蔚谝痪渲蠼恿?even so，然后就跳到關(guān)于女性責(zé)任上去了。

  長(zhǎng)篇閱讀

  In laboratories,healthy adult human brain neurons typically live no more than a few hours,making extensive research impossible.Furthermore,scientists' inability to reproduce healthy neurons has prevented the use of neurons in experimental

  treatments of severe neurological disorders.

  However,two researchers at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine have successfully maintained mature,human brain neurons in long-term cultures by using cells obtained during surgery on an 18-month-old victim of unilateral megalencephaly.The rare disorder,in which one side of the brain grows substantially larger than the other,occurs when neurons in the abnormal hemisphere undergo too many cell divisions before they mature.The neuronal imbalance in the brain of the infant caused seizures,prompting surgeons to remove the enlarged hemisphere---a treatment that has proven successful in similar cases.The researchers then took neurons from the excised brain matter and placed them in a blood-rich culture medium.After days,many of the cells had died,but a few continued to grow and divide.Nineteen months later,the team had subcultured colonies of neurons onto new culture plates more than 20 times,with no significant changes in cellular appearance or growth characteristics.

  Scientists still don't know what triggers the proliferation of neurons in unilateral megalencephaly.The neurons cultivated at Johns Hopkins--unlike those culled from tumors are not cancerous,and accordingly are much more valuable as research tools.Finally,the experiment presents the possibility that such neurons could be used in experimental treatments that currently use fetal brain cells,sidestepping an uncomfortable ethical issue.

  1. It can be inferred from the passage that the removal of a hemisphere of the brain

  A. will allow researchers to expand their knowledge of neurological workings

  B. is necessary to cure unilateral megalencephaly

  C. is a viable medical procedure in some cases

  D. is usually performed on infants who suffer from unilateral megalencephaly

  E. is a rare procedure that is performed as a last resort

  答案：C

  解析：

  The second paragraph says that the neuronal imbalance causes seizures prompting surgeons to remove the enlarged hemisphere–a treatment that has proven successful in similar cases.“Some cases” is nice and wimpy.

  2. The passage supplies information to answer which of the following questions?

  A. How old is the average unilateral megalencephaly patient?

  B. Can fetal brain cells be used to treat unilateral megalencephaly?

  C. Have scientists found a way to allow cells from victims of unilateral megalencephaly to exist outside of the body?

  D. How long can neurons culled from tumors be sustained outside the body?

  E. Will scientists find further experimental uses for neurons culled from unilateral megalencephaly victims?

  答案：C

  解析：根據(jù)文章第二段可知科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)找到了讓細(xì)胞在體外存活的方法，可以解答C的問題，其它選項(xiàng)問題無(wú)法從文章中找到確定答案。

  3. In the second paragraph, select the sentence in which a term is introduced that requires elucidation in a later sentence.

  答案：However,two researchers at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine have successfully maintained mature,human brain neurons in long-term cultures by using cells obtained during surgery on an 18-month-old victim of unilateral megalencephaly.

  解析：

  符合題目要求的是第一句話，其中提到了一個(gè)生詞也就是 megalencephaly。之后第二句話就是在解釋這個(gè)單詞的意義。所以選擇第二段第一句。

  邏輯閱讀

  Employees of companies that offer corporate fitness programs consistently take fewer sick-days than do employees of companies that do not offer fitness programs.Thus,corporate fitness programs are shown to have a positive effect on the health of a company's workforce.

  Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

  A. Other benefits offered by companies that do not offer corporate fitness programs surpass the benefits offered by companies that do offer such programs.

  B. Companies that offer corporate fitness programs attract employees who are more health conscious than the employees of companies that do not offer such

  programs.

  C. The health benefits of a corporate fitness program depend upon the particular makeup of the program.

  D. Employees who participate in corporate fitness programs are not measurably less healthy than people who exercise on their own.

  E. People who participate in fitness programs not offered by their employees are generally healthier than people who participate in corporate fitness programs.

  答案：B

  解析：

  文章的邏輯在于“公司提供健身—少生病—其他公司也應(yīng)該提供健身”反駁方式可以是：

  1.否認(rèn)邏輯，也就是健身和生病無(wú)關(guān)

  2.找他因，不是健身使得員工少生病而是有其他的原因

  A.沒有提供健身的公司除了健身這一項(xiàng)外，有其他更多的好處------那么人們應(yīng)該去沒健身的公司，沒有否認(rèn)邏輯也沒有找他因，錯(cuò)

  B.有健身的公司吸引了更多有健康意識(shí)的人，這個(gè)“他因”不算明顯，但是員工少生病與他們的意識(shí)有關(guān)而不是公司的健身項(xiàng)目的功勞，保留

  C. makeup，毫無(wú)關(guān)系，沒有體現(xiàn)任何邏輯，直接排除

  D.參加健身項(xiàng)目的人更健康，承認(rèn)文中邏輯，沒有削弱，錯(cuò)

  E.參加員工提供的健身的人比公司健身的人更加健康(員工?明明是雇主提供的)，錯(cuò)

  綜上，選擇 B

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