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  作文機經

  Issue

  "High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition."

  Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position,you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

  題干分析

  最高榮譽比如諾貝爾獎實際上是在損害社會，因為這種獎項在暗示只有少數人才配得上這樣的榮譽。

  Outline

  The fact that only a few people deserve high-profile awards is insufficient evidence to suggest that such awards are damaging to society.

  1. Undoubtedly,high-profile awards suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition.

  2. What is significant is that high-profile awards point out the right directions in which all individuals in particular fields should make efforts.

  3. To make sure that high-profile awards serve the right purpose of society,it is imperative that the rules of the awards be fair and strictly adhered to.

  Argument

  Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium—substances essential for building and maintaining bones.Many people therefore say that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis,a disease that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors and that causes the bones to weaken significantly with age.But a long-term study of a large number of people found that those who consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study.Since bone fractures are symptomatic of osteoporosis,this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase,rather than decrease,the risk of osteoporosis.

  Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

  題目翻譯

  牛奶和奶制品富含維生素D和鈣，這些都是骨骼生長和保持骨骼健康所必須的物質。因此很多人相信多吃奶制品的飲食可以有助預防骨質疏松癥 [譯]骨質疏松癥與環境因素和基因因素都有關系，而且它導致骨骼隨年齡增長而脆性顯著增加。但是對大量人群的進行的一項長期研究發現：那些在研究期間經常食用奶制品的人骨折發病率比其他參加研究的人要高。由于骨折是骨質疏松癥的癥狀之一，這一研究結果表明多吃奶制品實際上會增加而不是減少患骨質疏松癥的風險。

  說明：寫一篇文章，闡述需要哪些具體的證據來評價這個論證過程，并解釋這些證據如何削弱或強化這個論證過程。

  題目分析

  A. 前提：bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis

  骨折是骨質疏松癥的癥狀之一

  B. 結論：a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase,rather than decrease,the risk of osteoporosis

  多吃奶制品實際上會增加而不是減少患骨質疏松癥的風險

  C. 論據：

  1. Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones

  牛奶和奶制品富含維生素 D 和鈣，這些都是骨骼生長和保持骨骼健康所必須的物質

  2. Many people therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis,a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors

  很多人相信多吃奶制品的飲食可以有助預防骨質疏松癥

  3. Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors

  骨質疏松癥是一種骨骼隨年齡增長而脆性顯著增加的疾病，而且它與環境因素和基因因素都有關系

  4. A long-term study of a large number of people found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study

  對大量人群的進行的一項長期研究發現：那些在研究期間經常食用奶制品的人骨折發病率比其他參加研究的人要高

  提綱(可攻擊點)

  1、“維生素 D 和鈣”是骨骼生長和保持骨骼健康所必須的物質，但是食用“牛奶和奶制品”是否就會給人體補充充足的骨骼生長和保持骨骼健康所必須的物質?

  2、“骨折是骨質疏松癥的癥狀之一”，但能否僅根據骨折就說明骨質疏松?

  3、食用奶制品僅僅是保證“骨骼生長和保持骨骼健康”的一個因素，和“與環境因素和基因因素都有關系有關”而且“是一種骨骼隨年齡增長而脆性顯著增加的疾病”的骨質疏松相比，是否存在直接對應關系?

  填空等價機經

  1. In searching for norms in the sense of authoritative standards of what ought to be,rather than in the sense of what is average and thus can be considered normal,normative ethics aims to _____ .

  A. predict

  B. mitigate

  C. question

  D. dictate

  E. personalize

  正確答案：D

  題目解析：The sentence defines normative ethics by specifying the sense of the“norms”for which it searches.Since these are authoritative ethical standards,the word that fills the blank must describe the act of establishing those standards.The choice that does this is“dictate.”Of the other choices,“predict”suggests that normative ethics merely attempts to describe future behavior rather than establish what guidelines should shape it,while“personalize”suggests a concern with individual circumstances that is not otherwise addressed in the sentence.“Mitigate”(to moderate or alleviate)is likewise incongruent with the rest of the sentence,while“question”does not address normative ethics’concern with establishing rather than questioning norms.Thus the correct answer is dictate(Choice D).

  2. The figure-skating pair's convincing victory last week was particularly (i)_____to their rivals,who were in peak form and complained privately about the judging.That the pair won when their rivals were (ii)_____too is also impressive.

   Blank (i)                   Blank (ii)

  A. unsurprising           D. terrific

  B. irksome                 E. nervous

  C. gratifying               F. inconsistent

  正確答案：B D

  題目解析：第一空方程等號who，強詞complained，所以空里填負向詞irksome令人厭煩的;第二空方程等號too，表示取同，強詞won，說明空里填正向詞terrific極好的。

  翻譯：這個花樣滑冰雙人組上周令人信服的勝利是尤其令他們的對手厭煩的，那些對手正處于巔峰狀態并且私下里抱怨裁判;這個雙人組贏過那些同樣極好的對手的時候也是令人印象深刻的。

  3. That today's students of American culture tend to (i)_____classical music is understandable.In our own time,America's musical high culture has degenerated into a formulaic entertainment divorced from the contemporary moment.Thus,to miss out on what our orchestras are up to is not to (ii)_____much.In the late Gilded Age,however,music was widely esteemed as the“queen of the arts.”Classical music was in its American heyday,(iii) _____the culture at large.

  Blank (i)                              Blank (ii)                     Blank (iii)

  A. promote                         D. sacrifice                  G. antagonistic toward

  B. reinterpret                      E. appreciate               H. generally rejected by

  C. ignore                             F. malign                     I. centrally embedded in

  正確答案：C D I

  題目解析：The“however”of the next-to-last sentence indicates that the author's characterization of the relationship between classical music and popular culture during the Gilded Age contrasts with the current state of affairs.Since music was widely esteemed during the Gilded Age,it follows that it is viewed more negatively,or disregarded,during the current era.Of the choices for Blank(i),“ignore”is the only choice that conveys this sentiment;“promote”connotes the opposite,while“reinterpret”suggests a different sort of positive engagement with classical music that is otherwise unmentioned in the passage.The author characterizes the current disconnection between music and culture as understandable,and uses pejorative language(“degenerated,”“formulaic”)to describe current classical music.Of the three choices for Blank (ii),“sacrifice”best conveys this dismissive attitude;“appreciate”would convey that those who forego orchestral concerts are indeed missing something worthwhile,while“malign”overstates the presumed level of feeling and activity of one who simply does not attend concerts.Since the lack of a connection between culture and classical music must contrast with the relationship during the Gilded Age,the answer to Blank(iii)is“centrally embedded in.”Of the other two choices,“generally rejected by”would provide no contrast,while“antagonistic toward”suggests a relationship that would not explain why music was so widely esteemed.Thus the correct answer is ignore (Choice C),sacrifice (Choice D),and centrally embedded in (Choice I).

  4. If big sums are to be spent on cleaning up environmental disasters,it is better to spend them on unglamorous but_____problems such as unsanitary water in Third World countries.

  A. futile

  B. ephemeral

  C. pressing

  D. controversial

  E. transitory

  F. critical

  正確答案：CF

  本題大意：如果要把大筆資金投入災難的清理，還不如投入到一些急迫的問題中。

  A：futile 無用的，不重要的;B：ephemeral 短暫的，朝生暮死的;C：pressing 急迫的，緊急的

  D：controversial 有爭議的;E：transitory 短暫的;F：critical 臨界的，急迫的

  5. The process of establishing a literary canon is seen by some as, in part,an attempt by certain scholars to make their own labors central and to relegate the work of others to _____ status.

  A. orthodox

  B. marginal

  C. mainstream

  D. definitive

  E. conditional

  F. peripheral

  正確答案：B F

  本題大意：在某些人眼里，建立一個文學標準的過程就是某些學者努力把自己作品正統化(中央化)而把其它作品排擠邊緣化。

  A：正統;B：邊緣;C：主流;D：最終，不可更改;E：條件;F：周邊

  6. The mayor is more ideologically consistent than is widely believed:her long-term commitment to tax reform,for example,is not indicative of _____.

  A. perspicacity

  B. capriciousness

  C. callousness

  D. fickleness

  E. clear-headedness

  F. insensitivity

  答案：BD

  題目大意：市長 consistent，然后舉例說明...is not空格(舉例子就是為了說明市長始終如一，所以空格應該填變化)

  A：perspicacity 洞察力，聰穎，睿智;B：capriciousness 變化莫測，變化無常;C：callousness麻木不仁;

  D：fickleness 多變;E：clear-headedness 頭腦清醒，理智;F：insensitivity 不敏感

  數學機經

  1. Points R, S,and T lie on a number line,where S is between R and T.The distance between R and S is 6,and the distance between R and T is 15.

  Quantity A：the distance between the midpoints of lines segments RS and ST

  Quantity B：the distance between S and T

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  正確答案：B

  題目解析：QuantityA長度為RT的一半,7.5,QuantityB長度為15-6=9，因此選B。

  2. x, y, and z are the lengths of the sides of a triangle.

  Quantity A：x+y+z

  Quantity B：2*z

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  正確答案：A

  題目解析：兩邊之和大于第三邊，x+y>z. 所以 x+y+z>2*z

  3. Rectangle R has length 30 and width 10,and square S has length 5.The perimeter of S is what fraction of the perimeter of R ? ___/___

  正確答案：20,80

  題目解析：R周長為80，S周長為20，按照題目要求，前面填入20，后面填入80。根據OG解釋，考生如果約分為1/4也是正確的。

  4.1,–3,4,1,–3, 4,1,–3, 4,..In the sequence above,the first 3 terms repeat without end. What is the sum of the terms of the sequence from the 150th term to the 154th term?

  正確答案：7

  題目解析：題目說前三項無限循環，所以1,-3,4是一個循環。150th正好是4，然后以此類推，150th到154th的和為4+1+(-3)+4+1=7

  5.

  For which of the following bird species is the standard deviation of the numbers of sightings shown for the four seasons least

  A. Cardinal

  B. Junco

  C. Robin

  D. Sparrow

  E. Wren

  正確答案：D

  題目解析：此題解題要點有兩個，首先考生需要理解standard deviation也就是標準差的概念。其次標準差計算公式較為復雜，強行計算會花費大量時間，因此需要省時解法，大家可以觀察各組數據找出四個數據差異最小的一組，即為正確答案，因此選D。

  閱讀邏輯機經

  短篇閱讀

  Ragwort was accidentally introduced to New Zealand in the late nineteenth century and,like so many invading foreign species, quickly became a pest.By the 1920s,the weed was rampant.What made matters worse was that its proliferation coincided with sweeping changes in agriculture and a massive shift from sheep farming to dairying.Ragwort contains a battery of toxic and resilient alkaloids:even honey made from its flowers contains the poison in dilute form.Livestock generally avoid grazing where ragwort is growing,but they will do so once it displaces grass and clover in their pasture.Though sheep can eat it for months before showing any signs of illness,if cattle eat it they sicken quickly,and fatality can even result.

  1. The passage suggests that the proliferation of ragwort was particularly ill-timed because it

  A. coincided with and exacerbated a decline in agriculture

  B. took place in conditions that enabled the ragwort to spread faster than it otherwise would have done

  C. led to an increase in the amount of toxic compounds contained in the plants

  D. prevented people from producing honey that could be eaten safely

  E. had consequences for livestock that were more dramatic than they otherwise would have been

  正確答案：E

  題目解析：第二句說ragwort的繁殖趕上了新西蘭農業的變化—從養羊到養牛;而最后一句話又說這種草對牛的危害更大,so the proliferation of ragwort was particularly ill-timed

  E 選項：相比于其他方面，這種草對家畜的影響更為巨大

  The passage mentions that ragwort's impact on New Zealand's agriculture was especially severe because the plant's proliferation“coincided with sweeping changes in agriculture that saw a massive shift from sheep farming to dairying."

  The severity of the impact was increased because cattle,which were displacing sheep,are much more sensitive than sheep to the toxins contained in ragwort.This points to Choice E as the correct answer choice.Nothing in the passage suggests that the proliferation of ragwort coincided with a decline in agriculture (Choice A),occurred faster than it might have done (Choice B),or made the plants more toxic(Choice C).There is a suggestion that ragwort honey might not be safe for humans,but there is no indication that this made the timing of the proliferation particularly unfortunate.

  2. The passage implies which of the following about the problems ragwort poses to dairy farmers?

  A. Milk produced by cows that eat ragwort causes illness in humans who drink it.

  B. Ragwort can supplant the plants normally eaten by cattle.

  C. Cattle, unlike sheep, are unable to differentiate between ragwort and healthy grazing.

  正確答案：B

  題目解析：盡管A有可能正確，但是文章里沒有任何Support。B由Livestock generally avoid grazing where ragwort is growing,but they will do so once it displaces grass and clover in their pasture.支持，C完全超出文章之外。

  長篇閱讀

  Frederick Douglass was unquestionably the most famous African American of the nineteenth century;indeed,when he died in 1895 he was among the most distinguished public figures in the United States.In his study of Douglass’career as a major figure in the movement to abolish slavery and as a spokesman for Black rights,Waldo Martin has provoked controversy by contending that Douglass also deserves a prominent place in the intellectual history of the United States because he exemplified so many strands of nineteenth-century thought:romanticism,idealism,individualism,liberal humanism,and an unshakable belief in progress.But this very argument provides ammunition for those who claim that most of Douglass’ideas,being so representative of their time,are now obsolete.Douglass’vision of the future as a melting pot in which all racial and ethnic differences would dissolve into“a composite American nationality”appears from the pluralist perspective of many present-day intellectuals to be not only utopian but even wrongheaded.Yet there is a central aspect of Douglass’thought that seems not in

  the least bit dated or irrelevant to current concerns.He has no rival in the history of the nineteenth-century United States as an insistent and effective critic of the doctrine of innate racial inequality.He not only attacked racist ideas in his speeches and writings,but he offered his entire career and all his achievements as living proof that racists were wrong in their belief that one race could be inherently superior to another.

  While Martin stresses Douglass’antiracist egalitarianism,he does not adequately explain how this aspect of Douglass’thought fits in with his espousal of the liberal Victorian attitudes that many present-day intellectuals consider to be naive and

  outdated.The fact is that Douglass was attracted to these democratic-capitalist ideals of his time because they could be used to attack slavery and the doctrine of White supremacy.His favorite rhetorical strategy was to expose the hypocrisy of those who,while professing adherence to the ideals of democracy and equality of opportunity,condoned slavery and racial discrimination.It would have been strange indeed if he had not embraced liberal idealism, because it proved its worth for the cause of racial equality during the national crisis that eventually resulted in emancipation and citizenship for African Americans.These points may seem obvious,but had Martin given them more attention,his analysis might have constituted a more convincing rebuttal to those critics who dismiss Douglass’ideology as a relic of the past.If one accepts the proposition that Douglass’deepest commitment was to Black equality and that he used the liberal ideals of his time as weapons in the fight for that cause,then it is hard to fault him for seizing the best weapons at hand.

  1. The passage as a whole can best be described as doing which of the following?

  A. Explaining Douglass’emergence as a major figure in the movement to abolish slavery

  B. Tracing the origins of Douglass’thought in nineteenth-century romanticism,idealism,and liberal humanism

  C. Analyzing Douglass’speeches and writings from a modern,pluralist perspective

  D. Criticizing Martin for failing to stress the contradiction between Douglass’principles and the liberal Victorian attitudes of his day

  E. Formulating a response to those who consider Douglass’political philosophy to be archaic and irrelevant

  正確答案：E

  題目解析：問文章主要講了什么

  A. abolish slavery上的作用，太細節，錯

  B. FD idea 的源頭，文中沒有提到，錯

  C. 分析 FD 的 writing，細節，錯

  D. 批評 M 沒能強調 FD 原則與 LV 原則的矛盾性。錯，沒提到矛盾

  E. 回擊那些人文 FD 的 idea 過時的人，對

  “These points may seem obvious,but had Martin given them more attention,his analysis might have constituted a more convincing rebuttal to those critics who dismiss Douglass’ideology as a relic of the past.If one accepts the proposition that Douglass’deepest commitment was to Black equality and that he used the liberal ideals of his time as weapons in the fight for that cause,then it is hard to fault him for seizing the best weapons at hand.”之句話是理解文章的關鍵，出現在文末。如果M更關注這點的話，那么他對人們認為D觀點過時的反駁就會更有說服力。如果一個人接受并認為D最深的目的就是追求黑人的平等并運用了“liberal ideals”最為他反駁他人觀點的武器，那是絕對不會錯的。

  2. It can be inferred that the“present-day intellectuals”believe that

  A. although Douglass used democratic-capitalist ideas to attack slavery and racial inequality,he did not sincerely believe in those ideas

  B. the view that Douglass was representative of the intellectual trends of his time is obsolete

  C. Douglass’opposition to the doctrine of innate racial inequality is irrelevant to current concerns

  D. Douglass’commitment to Black equality does not adequately account for his naive attachment to quaint liberal Victorian political views

  E. Douglass’goal of ultimately doing away with all racial and ethnic differences is neither achievable nor desirable

  正確答案：E

  題目解析：Douglass’vision of the future as a melting pot in which all racial and ethnic differences would dissolve into“a composite American nationality”appears from the pluralist perspective of many present-day intellectuals to be not only utopian but even wrongheaded.

  這句話講DF的觀點在pluralist看來就是utopian烏托邦空想主義，甚至wrongheaded。DF的想法不現實，缺乏實踐無法實現。E 選項中 neither achievable nor desirable 完美體現了這個意思。

  3. According to the passage,Douglass used which of the following as evidence against the doctrine of innate racial inequality?

  A. His own life story

  B. His vision of a composite American nationality

  C. The hypocrisy of self-professed liberal idealists

  D. The inevitability of the emancipation of African Americans

  E. The fact that most prominent intellectuals advocated the abolition of slavery

  正確答案：A

  題目解析：He not only attacked racist ideas in his speeches and writings,but he offered his entire career and all his achievements as living proof that racists were wrong in their belief that one race could be inherently superior to another.體現了A中的 own life story。

  邏輯閱讀

  Despite the fact that the health-inspection procedures for catering establishments are more stringent than those for ordinary restaurants,more of the cases of food poisoning reported to the city health department were brought on by banquets served by catering services than were brought on by restaurant meals.

  Which of the following, if true, helps explain the apparent paradox in the statement above?

  A. A significantly larger number of people eat in restaurants than attend catered banquets in any given time period.

  B. Catering establishments know how many people they expect to serve,and therefore are less likely than restaurants to have,and serve,leftover food,a major source of food poisoning.

  C. Many restaurants provide catering services for banquets in addition to serving individual meals.

  D. The number of reported food-poisoning cases at catered banquets is unrelated to whether the meal is served on the caterer's or the client's premises.

  E. People are unlikely to make a connection between a meal they have eaten and a subsequent illness unless the illness strikes a group who are in communication with one another.

  正確答案：E

  題目解析：

  邏輯：食物中毒-->宴席被報告

  假設：食物中毒一定會被報告(無論是在餐廳還是在宴席上)

  原文漏洞：盡管宴席上的食物比普通餐廳的食物經過了更嚴格的檢查，但宴席上被報告出食物中毒的案例卻多于餐廳的。

  解題思路：假設取反(一切可以推翻假設的方式都可以)

  E 選項：給出了人們在普通餐廳吃飯中毒卻不一定報告的情況，而在宴席上因為有認識的同伴一起進食從而可以確定是在宴席上中毒了。這是食物中毒一定會被舉報的一種反例。

請加sunny老師（微信號：shnc_2018）

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